Science policy studies - Was there a BSE crisis Essay

Science policy studies - Was there a BSE crisis - Essay Example This disease is characterized by a 4 – 5 years incubation period and its effects are adverse; after a few weeks of its onset, it often leads to the death of cattle. Researchers have indicated that as BSE gets into the brain of cattle; the spinal cord and the brain itself get affected, resulting to lesions that have alterations that are sponge-like. These lesions can be seen under the normal microscope. Some researchers have also indicated that the BSE agent is very stable, with the capability of resisting heat, drying and freezing, and more critically, resisting heat applicable in the processes of sterilization and pasteurization. This property has raised a controversy over BSE agent’s nature, as several theories have sought to explain such nature. It has been generally assumed that the BSE was derived from the disease scrapie, which occurs in sheep (Millstone and van Zwanenberg, 32), though there is no any evidence from experiments to show that this assumption is true. Further, there lacks a proof to show that BSE agent would behave like scrapie agent, which does not find its way into the human beings, when they consume the meat products that are from infected animals. Generally, the roots of the BSE crisis dates back to the traditional food policy-making and UK Agriculture. The scientists in the UK first unravelled the disease in 1986 and by the year 2002, cases preceding 181, 376 had been confirmed. After the initial discovery, the disease had also been confirmed out of the UK from 1989. This led to an alarming call that initiated the introduction of programmes for monitoring the spread of the BSE in cattle that were slaughtered or found dead. 12 countries unveiled the presence of the disease in their territories including Spain, Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Japan, Italy, Israel, Greece, Germany, Finland, Czech Republic and Austria (Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 4). Measures for preventing

Political Realism and Neo-realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Political Realism and Neo-realism - Essay Example According to the paper each one of the so called super powers of the universe employs all the available resources and forces to maintain their legendary political stature. On the other hand, developing nations, whose political and economical images still lie below the surface of the universe, also struggle to sharpen their bristle fangs to keep away the possible exploitations from the powerful states. The politically able nations, in reaction to the defensive game of the underdeveloped nations, make all efforts to curb the dependence of such ‘poor’ nations on them. This is realism in play; every state on its own, exhibiting the unending selfish nature of the political leadership. Neo-realism is just but a replica of the features of the original realism; the very eternal struggle has been structurally cocooned, both aspects portraying almost similar trends. Therefore, the slightest difference between the two has always been very invisible light for many scholars and world leaders. This study outlines that  the very concept also brought about the reconciliation among many states after the war. Today, realism has continued to guide the minds of policymakers in different states of the world. It is interesting to see how nations divide a long the lines political power; without any apparent interest on the economical wealth, following this old theory of the early 1900s. Each one of the so called super powers of the universe employs all the available resources and forces to maintain their legendary political stature.  

The Environment and the Hospitality Industry Essay

The Environment and the Hospitality Industry - Essay Example In the current global economic crisis, there are however various issues which are threats and which have threatened the hospitality industry. These issues mostly impact on the profitability of the industry and its related businesses. This paper shall consider environmental issues, including global warming and pollution – issues which are impacting on the hospitality industry. It shall also present a critique of appropriate literature which relates to this issue. This paper is being carried out in order to establish a clear and comprehensive understanding of the subject matter, as well as the pertinent issues which relate to its application. There are various issues which are impacting on the hospitality industry. One such issue relates to the environment and the call for sustainable development and environmentally viable hospitality design. Going green is one of the clamors in the current hospitality industry, and such clamor has become more than an isolated demand, it has now become part of the mainstream demand (Wang and Wang, 2009, p. 53). Environmentalists are pressuring the hospitality industry to implement more sustainable and environmentally friendly processes in their business processes. In a report by hotelier Hasek (2007), he mentions about 10 issues which the hospitality industry is currently faced with in relation to the environment. One issue is based on the fact that it is difficult to avoid rising energy costs with such costs increasing to a significant degree each year. Another issue pointed out by Hasek (2007) is the need to design and build new hotels which meet environmental standards. This would aga in cost the industry a significant amount of money. Still another environmental issue threatening the hospitality industry is global warming itself. Some of the effects of global warming include extreme weather conditions – drought and floods – and other weather disturbances.

A Marketing Plan for the Cadbury Chocolate Company Case Study

A Marketing Plan for the Cadbury Chocolate Company - Case Study Example under this, the management ensures that, before the product is promoted into the market, the characteristics of the products should be well defined to meet the needs of the consumers, the packaging of the products should be attractive to entice the customers to buy the product, the quality of the product should be perfect, that is it should have the quality that matches with the prescription of the product in the market so that it can maintain our consumers. Under this, we see that Cadbury uses its business intelligence to change the market position of its products by shifting product sizes, package designs keeping in mind the changes of its customer's tastes for this reason most of the Cadburys products, are made from real chocolate in which the ingredients include; cocoa butter and a glass and a half of cream dairy milk in every 200 grams of Cadbury dairy milk chocolate. This is used to show the good quality of Cadburys products which makes it a good factor in influencing the consu mers to buy the products. Marketing is also known to be a core leader into a successful business therefore; one should have more than a good idea of producing a nice product. So before launching a product in the market, one should be able to identify his markets and carry out research, to find out if consumers share the same desire to invest in the production. Here, Cadbury uses wholesalers and retailers to collect information about its consumers behaviors that is possible to affect its manufacturing and distribution goals, the company gets information from the warehouse, through which they make decisions to deliver the precise quantity of brand new products to retailers when in need. Cadbury uses data warehouse to calculate the impact of its trade expenditure activities. Therefore, the research methods should depend on the size and scope of the business. This may be done by examining ones own behavior, with that of the other companies, spend time in stores that promote cooking products and do some reading o n magazines, books and literature focusing on various chocolate products manufacturing. One should be encouraged to talk and listen to the potential consumers, thus enabling one to know the issues that will be faced and the encounters he will face while carrying out the business. One is also advised to hire researchers who will help him define and understand the market, if the product he intends to start is larger. The other factor that one should look into before making a decision on a particular market segmentation or what is referred to as the environments, these factors include; geographical factors, location, gender and also age of the consumers of the products, this is basically used to give the products a marketing opportunity. 2 The competitors will not be able to have the same opinions like the company's, since marketing opportunities increase when customer groups with varying needs and wants are recognized. Markets can be segmented or targeted on a variety of factors including age, gender, location, geographic factors, demographic characteristics, and family life cycle, desire for relaxation or time pressures. Segments or target markets should be accessible to the business and large enough to provide a solid customer base. Therefore, a business must analyze the needs and wants of different market

Occupational Health and Safety (Hazards in the workplace) Essay

Occupational Health and Safety (Hazards in the workplace) - Essay Example This essay talks about the people employed in mining industries that have to take great precaution of their occupational health and safety. Often, there are many hazards, ranging from cuts, bruises, limbs and legs breakages among others in the work place that the workers report on daily basis. Many manufacturing industries are under pressure to carry out all the safety precautions, which would help their worker and, save them from the unexpected injuries. Notably, a lot of companies have adhered to the rules and have considerably minimised the injuries to their workers. In this report, I am going to outline the occupational health and safety in BPH Mining Company in Australia, with specific attention to hazardous machinery. Particularly, I have chosen hazardous machinery since mining employs heave and very dangerous machines that, often, terminate the lives of the workers. Sometimes, the workers sustain serious injuries, which make them bed ridden for a long time. Mining Companies sp end a lot of money in treating the workers from the injuries that they sustain during the work. Considering the case of BHP mining, a careful study revealed that the hazardous machinery contributes to most of the bruises and cuts that the workers sustain. Usually, the workers take certain risky moves that jeopardise their lives. Indeed, some of them do not take the ethical workplace culture as an important aspect of the organizational performance. The report also shows that the cultural factors are critical in driving the organisation to success. ... Finally it ends with a conclusion. Introduction In reality, the people employed in mining industries have to take great precaution of their occupational health and safety. Often, there are many hazards, ranging from cuts, bruises, limbs and legs breakages among others in the work place that the workers report on daily basis (Angle, 2004, p. 45). Many manufacturing industries are under pressure to carry out all the safety precautions, which would help their worker and, save them from the unexpected injuries. Notably, a lot of companies have adhered to the rules and have considerably minimised the injuries to their workers. In this report, I am going to outline the occupational health and safety in BPH Mining Company in Australia, with specific attention to hazardous machinery. Particularly, I have chosen hazardous machinery since mining employs heave and very dangerous machines that, often, terminate the lives of the workers. Sometimes, the workers sustain serious injuries, which make them bed ridden for a long time (Barry, 2008, p. 66). Mining Companies spend a lot of money in treating the workers from the injuries that they sustain during the work. Considering the case of BHP mining, a careful study revealed that the hazardous machinery contributes to most of the bruises and cuts that the workers sustain. Usually, the workers take certain risky moves that jeopardise their lives. Indeed, some of them do not take the ethical workplace culture as an important aspect of the organizational performance. The report also shows that the cultural factors are critical in driving the organisation to success (Erickson, 1996, p. 124).

Clifford Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Clifford - Essay Example Evidential theory was therefore seen as an attempt to disrupt the peoples believes in God, because it justified an action basing on the existence of an evidence to support the claim. The position of this paper, is that the theory of evidentialism is the best method of justifying the occurrences of events and a belief in a deity. Arguments: According to the theory of evidentialism, an individual needs to believe an issue or an idea only if there is sufficient evidence that proves the issue or idea is correct. Clifford (2) argues that there is no justification for an individual to believe on a claim or idea without observing any sufficient evidence. According to Clifford (2) this kind of a person violates the law that regulates the ethics of belief. On the other hand, Clifford also argues that when the evidence is sufficient enough to prove a claim, and people still do not believe a claim, then these people are also guilty of breaching the laws that regulate the ethics of belief (Cliff ord, 7). On this basis, it is important to denote that belief has a law, and the main tenet of this law lies on the existence of an evidence. Clifford (1) effectively manages to use the example of a ship owner for purposes of explaining and justifying his theories of evidentialism. For instance, Clifford denotes that a ship owner failed to observe the laws that govern the ethics of belief by allowing his ship to sail, when he had doubts over the capability of the same ship to make a voyage. The ship under consideration was old, and needed many repairs (Clifford, 2). Despite these facts, the ship owner decided to allow the ship to make a voyage, just because the same ship had made many successful voyages before, and in the same condition. This, in Clifford’s view is against the laws that govern and regulate the ethics of belief. On this basis therefore, the ship owner was wrong, and it doesn’t matter whether the voyage was successful or not. From his explanations, we ca n denote that Clifford was of the opinion that the ship owner had an option of carrying out an investigation to prove on the ability of the ship to make a voyage. This is by making the necessary repairs, and having experts to examine its capability. The ship owner comes under severe criticisms from Clifford, because his actions were based on faith and providence, and in Clifford’s opinion, these do not justify the belief of a claim (Clifford, 12). Clifford also gives an explanation of consciousnes

Ethical Relativism and Rights, Equality and Justice Essay

Ethical Relativism and Rights, Equality and Justice - Essay Example This essay discusses that to Hamas, the conflict is all about responding to an aggressive and oppressive neighbor since it refused to recognize Israel and past Palestinian agreements regarding the border and settlements thus escalating the existing border tensions since 2006. The Palestinians living in Gaza Strip and West Bank have equal rights to express their opinions, practice their religion and access basic human services such as food and gas. Accordingly, the Palestinians must be treated equally with respect and dignity. Israel blockade in Gaza has created a humanitarian crisis since 2007 since all border crossing and naval pathways have been restricted in the territory it controls. Although Israel has claimed the goal of the blockade is to diminish Hamas capability of building rockets and mortars, such move has led to the suffering of thousands of Palestinian civilians since it has restricted access to basic services such as healthcare, food, electricity, gas and construction m aterials.Israel asserts that the airstrikes and ground incursion into Hamas is a retaliation of the teenage boys abducted by Hamas and perceives Hamas as a threat since it has launched numerous rockets into Israel territory. Hamas claims that Israel has no moral right of self-defense since it has occupied Palestinian land and implemented a blockade that has led to the humanitarian crisis. However, the best action by the United States is to call for the end of the current hostilities and conflicts that have claimed lives of innocent civilians.